Sorting Numbers Correctly in JS Arrays Tutorial

Learn why JavaScript sorts numbers wrong by default and how to fix it. Covers numeric compare functions, ascending/descending order, sorting floats, handling NaN and Infinity, sorting mixed data, and performance tips.

JavaScriptbeginner

RuneHub Team

February 27, 2026

12 min read

RuneHub Team

Feb 27, 2026

12 min read

JavaScript's sort() method converts every element to a string before comparing, which means [10, 9, 80] sorts to [10, 80, 9] by default. This is the single most common JavaScript sorting mistake, and it affects every developer who calls sort() on a numeric array without a compare function. This tutorial covers exactly why it happens, how to fix it, and every edge case you will encounter when sorting numbers in JavaScript.

Why Numbers Sort Wrong by Default

The default sort() behavior converts each element to a string, then compares those strings by Unicode code points:

javascript

const prices = [100, 25, 3, 50, 10, 200];
 
prices.sort();
console.log(prices); // [10, 100, 200, 25, 3, 50]

The string comparisons happen character by character:

Number	As String	First Character	Unicode Code Point
100	"100"	"1"	49
25	"25"	"2"	50
3	"3"	"3"	51
50	"50"	"5"	53
10	"10"	"1"	49
200	"200"	"2"	50

Since "1" < "2" < "3" < "5", the numbers sort as strings: all numbers starting with "1" come first, then "2", then "3", then "5". This produces completely wrong numerical ordering.

Never Sort Numbers Without a Compare Function

Calling array.sort() on numbers without (a, b) => a - b is a bug in 100% of cases. There is no scenario where lexicographic ordering of integers or floats produces correct numeric results.

The Correct Way to Sort Numbers

Pass a compare function that subtracts one number from the other:

javascript

const prices = [100, 25, 3, 50, 10, 200];
 
// Ascending order
prices.sort((a, b) => a - b);
console.log(prices); // [3, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200]
 
// Descending order
prices.sort((a, b) => b - a);
console.log(prices); // [200, 100, 50, 25, 10, 3]

How a - b Works

The compare function must return:

A negative number if a should come before b
Zero if they are equal
A positive number if b should come before a

javascript

// When a=10, b=25: 10 - 25 = -15 (negative → 10 before 25) ✓
// When a=50, b=25: 50 - 25 = 25  (positive → 25 before 50) ✓
// When a=25, b=25: 25 - 25 = 0   (equal → keep original order) ✓

Compare Result	Meaning	Example
`a - b < 0`	`a` comes first	`10 - 25 = -15`
`a - b === 0`	Equal, keep order	`25 - 25 = 0`
`a - b > 0`	`b` comes first	`50 - 25 = 25`

Sorting Floating-Point Numbers

The a - b pattern works identically for decimals:

javascript

const measurements = [3.14, 2.718, 1.414, 0.577, 2.236];
 
measurements.sort((a, b) => a - b);
console.log(measurements); // [0.577, 1.414, 2.236, 2.718, 3.14]

Sorting Currency Values

javascript

const transactions = [99.99, 0.50, 149.95, 10.00, 5.99, 249.99];
 
// Ascending
transactions.sort((a, b) => a - b);
console.log(transactions); // [0.5, 5.99, 10, 99.99, 149.95, 249.99]

Handling Special Number Values

NaN and Infinity

NaN breaks the compare function because any arithmetic with NaN returns NaN, and sort() treats NaN comparisons as equal to everything, producing unpredictable placement:

javascript

const data = [5, NaN, 3, 1, NaN, 4];
 
// Unpredictable: NaN contaminates comparisons
data.sort((a, b) => a - b);
console.log(data); // Order of NaN is implementation-dependent

Filter out NaN before sorting:

javascript

const data = [5, NaN, 3, 1, NaN, 4];
 
const clean = data.filter(n => !Number.isNaN(n));
clean.sort((a, b) => a - b);
console.log(clean); // [1, 3, 4, 5]

Or push NaN values to the end:

javascript

const data = [5, NaN, 3, 1, NaN, 4];
 
data.sort((a, b) => {
  if (Number.isNaN(a)) return 1;  // a goes to end
  if (Number.isNaN(b)) return -1; // b goes to end
  return a - b;
});
console.log(data); // [1, 3, 4, 5, NaN, NaN]

Infinity Values

Infinity and -Infinity work correctly with a - b without special handling:

javascript

const values = [100, Infinity, -Infinity, 0, 50];
 
values.sort((a, b) => a - b);
console.log(values); // [-Infinity, 0, 50, 100, Infinity]

Sorting Object Arrays by Numeric Property

The most common real-world scenario is sorting objects by a number field:

javascript

const products = [
  { name: "Keyboard", price: 129.99, rating: 4.5 },
  { name: "Mouse", price: 49.99, rating: 4.8 },
  { name: "Monitor", price: 349.99, rating: 4.2 },
  { name: "Webcam", price: 79.99, rating: 3.9 },
  { name: "Headphones", price: 199.99, rating: 4.7 },
];
 
// By price ascending
products.sort((a, b) => a.price - b.price);
console.log(products.map(p => `${p.name}: $${p.price}`));
// ["Mouse: $49.99", "Webcam: $79.99", "Keyboard: $129.99", ...]
 
// By rating descending (highest first)
products.sort((a, b) => b.rating - a.rating);
console.log(products.map(p => `${p.name}: ${p.rating}`));
// ["Mouse: 4.8", "Headphones: 4.7", "Keyboard: 4.5", ...]

Multi-Key Numeric Sort

Sort by one numeric field, then break ties with another:

javascript

const scores = [
  { name: "Alice", points: 95, time: 120 },
  { name: "Bob", points: 88, time: 95 },
  { name: "Carol", points: 95, time: 105 },
  { name: "Dave", points: 88, time: 110 },
];
 
// Sort by points descending, then by time ascending (faster is better)
scores.sort((a, b) => {
  if (b.points !== a.points) return b.points - a.points;
  return a.time - b.time;
});
 
console.log(scores.map(s => `${s.name}: ${s.points}pts, ${s.time}s`));
// ["Carol: 95pts, 105s", "Alice: 95pts, 120s", "Bob: 88pts, 95s", "Dave: 88pts, 110s"]

Sorting Without Mutation

Like all array sorting, sort() mutates the original. Copy first when needed:

javascript

const original = [42, 7, 19, 3, 88];
 
// Spread + sort
const ascending = [...original].sort((a, b) => a - b);
 
// toSorted() (ES2023)
const descending = original.toSorted((a, b) => b - a);
 
console.log(original);   // [42, 7, 19, 3, 88] — unchanged
console.log(ascending);  // [3, 7, 19, 42, 88]
console.log(descending); // [88, 42, 19, 7, 3]

Sorting Numeric Strings

When your data contains numbers stored as strings (common with form inputs and CSV parsing), convert before comparing:

javascript

const inputValues = ["100", "25", "3", "50", "10"];
 
// Bug: still sorts as strings
inputValues.sort();
console.log(inputValues); // ["10", "100", "25", "3", "50"]
 
// Fix: parse inside the compare function
inputValues.sort((a, b) => Number(a) - Number(b));
console.log(inputValues); // ["3", "10", "25", "50", "100"]

Mixed Numbers and Numeric Strings

javascript

const mixed = [30, "5", 100, "20", 8, "15"];
 
mixed.sort((a, b) => Number(a) - Number(b));
console.log(mixed); // ["5", 8, "15", "20", 30, 100]

Performance Tips

The built-in sort() uses TimSort (O(n log n)) in most engines. The callback runs O(n log n) times, so keep it cheap:

javascript

// Slow: parsing dates inside compare (runs n log n times)
events.sort((a, b) => new Date(a.date) - new Date(b.date));
 
// Fast: pre-compute timestamps, sort, then map back
const withTimestamps = events.map(e => ({
  ...e,
  _ts: new Date(e.date).getTime(),
}));
withTimestamps.sort((a, b) => a._ts - b._ts);

Array Size	sort() Calls	Tip
< 100	~500	Any compare function is fine
100 - 10,000	~10K - 130K	Avoid expensive operations in compare
10,000+	130K+	Pre-compute sort keys, use typed arrays

Typed Arrays Sort Faster

For pure numeric sorting of large datasets (50K+ elements), consider using Float64Array or Int32Array. Their sort() method uses native numeric comparison by default, skipping the compare function overhead entirely.

Common Mistakes

Using sort() without compare for numbers:

javascript

// This is ALWAYS a bug for numeric arrays
[10, 2, 30].sort(); // [10, 2, 30] → wrong!
[10, 2, 30].sort((a, b) => a - b); // [2, 10, 30] → correct

Returning boolean instead of number:

javascript

const nums = [3, 1, 2];
 
// Bug: true (1) and false (0) — no negative value possible
nums.sort((a, b) => a > b);
// May produce wrong results because 0 means "equal"
 
// Fix: subtraction returns negative, zero, or positive
nums.sort((a, b) => a - b);

Mutating state during sort:

javascript

const data = [5, 3, 8, 1];
 
// Bug: modifying state while sorting
let comparisons = 0;
data.sort((a, b) => {
  comparisons++;
  data.push(0); // Never do this!
  return a - b;
});

Best Practices

Always use (a, b) => a - b for numeric ascending sort. Make it a reflex.
Copy before sorting when the original order matters. Use [...arr].sort() or toSorted().
Filter NaN before sorting. NaN values produce unpredictable results with any compare function.
Pre-compute expensive sort keys. If the compare function parses dates, computes string lengths, or does regex matching, extract those values first.
Use forEach() or map() to inspect sorted results without re-sorting.

Rune AI

Key Insights

Default sort is string-based: never omit the compare function for numeric arrays
Use (a, b) => a - b for ascending: swap to b - a for descending
Filter NaN values first: NaN breaks comparison logic unpredictably
Copy before sorting: use spread or toSorted() to preserve the original array
Pre-compute sort keys: extract expensive values before sorting large datasets

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does JavaScript sort numbers as strings by default?

The ECMAScript specification defines the default sort as lexicographic (string-based) comparison. This was a design decision in the original specification that accommodates mixed-type arrays. Since all values can be converted to strings, string comparison provides a universal default, even though it produces wrong results for numeric arrays.

Is there a built-in method for numeric sort?

There is no separate numeric sort method for regular arrays. You must always pass `(a, b) => a - b`. However, typed arrays (Int32Array, Float64Array) do sort numerically by default because they only contain numbers.

How do I sort numbers in descending order?

Swap the subtraction: `(a, b) => b - a`. When `b` is larger than `a`, the result is positive, so `a` moves after `b`, producing descending order.

What happens if my array has both numbers and undefined?

`sort()` always moves `undefined` values to the end of the array, regardless of the compare function. The compare function is never called with `undefined` as an argument.

Can I sort a very large array of numbers efficiently?

For arrays over 50,000 elements, consider using typed arrays (Float64Array) which sort numerically by default and avoid the function call overhead of custom comparators. For general arrays, pre-compute sort keys to minimize work inside the comparator.

Conclusion

Numeric sorting in JavaScript requires exactly one thing: a compare function. The (a, b) => a - b pattern handles ascending integers, floats, currency values, and object properties. The default sort() behavior (lexicographic) is never correct for numbers. By combining numeric comparators with NaN filtering, pre-computed sort keys for expensive operations, and toSorted() for immutable patterns, you can sort any numeric dataset correctly and efficiently. The rule is simple: if it contains numbers, always pass a compare function to sort().

Sorting Numbers Correctly in JS Arrays Tutorial

Why Numbers Sort Wrong by Default

Never Sort Numbers Without a Compare Function

The Correct Way to Sort Numbers

How a - b Works

Sorting Floating-Point Numbers

Sorting Currency Values

Handling Special Number Values

NaN and Infinity

Infinity Values

Sorting Object Arrays by Numeric Property

Multi-Key Numeric Sort

Sorting Without Mutation

Sorting Numeric Strings

Mixed Numbers and Numeric Strings

Performance Tips

Typed Arrays Sort Faster

Common Mistakes

Best Practices

Rune AI

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does JavaScript sort numbers as strings by default?

Is there a built-in method for numeric sort?

How do I sort numbers in descending order?

What happens if my array has both numbers and undefined?

Can I sort a very large array of numbers efficiently?

Conclusion

Tags

More in this topic

OffscreenCanvas API in JS for UI Performance

Advanced Web Workers for High Performance JS

JavaScript Macros and Abstract Code Generation

Sorting Numbers Correctly in JS Arrays Tutorial

Why Numbers Sort Wrong by Default

Never Sort Numbers Without a Compare Function

The Correct Way to Sort Numbers

How a - b Works

Sorting Floating-Point Numbers

Sorting Currency Values

Handling Special Number Values

NaN and Infinity

Infinity Values

Sorting Object Arrays by Numeric Property

Multi-Key Numeric Sort

Sorting Without Mutation

Sorting Numeric Strings

Mixed Numbers and Numeric Strings

Performance Tips

Typed Arrays Sort Faster

Common Mistakes

Best Practices

Rune AI

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does JavaScript sort numbers as strings by default?

Is there a built-in method for numeric sort?

How do I sort numbers in descending order?

What happens if my array has both numbers and undefined?

Can I sort a very large array of numbers efficiently?

Conclusion

Tags

More in this topic

OffscreenCanvas API in JS for UI Performance

Advanced Web Workers for High Performance JS

JavaScript Macros and Abstract Code Generation