Copying Nested Objects With the JS Spread Operator

A deep dive into copying nested objects with the JavaScript spread operator. Covers shallow vs deep copy behavior, why nested references are shared, manual deep-copy patterns, structuredClone, JSON round-trip limitations, recursive cloning, and library-based solutions for production code.

JavaScriptintermediate

RuneHub Team

March 2, 2026

11 min read

RuneHub Team

Mar 2, 2026

11 min read

The spread operator (...) is the standard tool for cloning objects and arrays in JavaScript. But it produces a shallow copy, meaning nested objects inside the copy still point to the same memory as the original. This guide explains exactly what that means and shows every approach to safely copying deeply nested data.

The Shallow Copy Problem

javascript

const original = {
  name: "Alice",
  address: {
    city: "Portland",
    zip: "97201",
  },
  hobbies: ["reading", "hiking"],
};
 
const copy = { ...original };
 
// Top-level primitive is independent
copy.name = "Bob";
console.log(original.name); // "Alice" (safe)
 
// Nested object is shared
copy.address.city = "Seattle";
console.log(original.address.city); // "Seattle" (mutated!)
 
// Nested array is shared
copy.hobbies.push("cycling");
console.log(original.hobbies); // ["reading", "hiking", "cycling"] (mutated!)

The spread operator copies property values one level deep. If a value is a reference (object, array, function), only the reference is copied, not the data it points to.

Visualizing Shallow vs Deep Copy

Copy Type	Primitives	Nested Objects	Nested Arrays
Shallow (`{ ...obj }`)	Independent copy	Shared reference	Shared reference
Deep (`structuredClone`)	Independent copy	Independent copy	Independent copy

Manual Nested Spread

For objects with known, limited nesting, you can spread at each level:

javascript

const original = {
  name: "Alice",
  address: {
    city: "Portland",
    zip: "97201",
  },
  hobbies: ["reading", "hiking"],
};
 
const deepCopy = {
  ...original,
  address: { ...original.address },
  hobbies: [...original.hobbies],
};
 
deepCopy.address.city = "Seattle";
console.log(original.address.city); // "Portland" (safe)
 
deepCopy.hobbies.push("cycling");
console.log(original.hobbies); // ["reading", "hiking"] (safe)

Deeper Nesting Requires More Spreading

javascript

const state = {
  user: {
    profile: {
      name: "Alice",
      settings: {
        theme: "dark",
        notifications: { email: true, push: false },
      },
    },
  },
};
 
// Updating notifications.push to true — immutably
const updated = {
  ...state,
  user: {
    ...state.user,
    profile: {
      ...state.user.profile,
      settings: {
        ...state.user.profile.settings,
        notifications: {
          ...state.user.profile.settings.notifications,
          push: true,
        },
      },
    },
  },
};

This works but becomes verbose quickly. For state management frameworks, libraries like Immer exist specifically to solve this verbosity.

structuredClone (Modern Deep Copy)

The structuredClone() function, available in all modern environments (browsers, Node 17+, Deno, Bun), creates a true deep copy:

javascript

const original = {
  name: "Alice",
  address: { city: "Portland" },
  scores: [90, 85],
  createdAt: new Date("2026-01-01"),
};
 
const deep = structuredClone(original);
 
deep.address.city = "Seattle";
deep.scores.push(100);
 
console.log(original.address.city); // "Portland" (safe)
console.log(original.scores);       // [90, 85] (safe)
console.log(deep.createdAt instanceof Date); // true (preserved)

What structuredClone Handles

Type	Supported?
Plain objects, arrays	Yes
Date, RegExp, Map, Set	Yes
ArrayBuffer, TypedArrays	Yes
Blob, File, ImageData	Yes
Functions	No (throws)
DOM nodes	No (throws)
Symbols as values	No (throws)
Prototype chain	No (becomes plain object)

JSON Round-Trip

The JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj)) pattern was the go-to deep copy before structuredClone:

javascript

const original = { name: "Alice", address: { city: "Portland" } };
const deep = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(original));
 
deep.address.city = "Seattle";
console.log(original.address.city); // "Portland" (safe)

JSON Round-Trip Pitfalls

javascript

const data = {
  date: new Date("2026-01-01"),
  pattern: /hello/gi,
  nothing: undefined,
  fn: () => "hello",
  inf: Infinity,
  nan: NaN,
  map: new Map([["a", 1]]),
};
 
const clone = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(data));
 
console.log(typeof clone.date);    // "string" (Date becomes ISO string)
console.log(clone.pattern);        // {} (RegExp becomes empty object)
console.log("nothing" in clone);   // false (undefined properties dropped)
console.log("fn" in clone);        // false (functions dropped)
console.log(clone.inf);            // null (Infinity becomes null)
console.log(clone.nan);            // null (NaN becomes null)
console.log(clone.map);            // {} (Map becomes empty object)

Use structuredClone() instead unless you specifically need JSON serialization.

Recursive Deep Clone Function

For environments without structuredClone or for educational purposes:

javascript

function deepClone(value) {
  if (value === null || typeof value !== "object") {
    return value;
  }
 
  if (value instanceof Date) return new Date(value.getTime());
  if (value instanceof RegExp) return new RegExp(value.source, value.flags);
  if (value instanceof Map) return new Map([...value].map(([k, v]) => [deepClone(k), deepClone(v)]));
  if (value instanceof Set) return new Set([...value].map(deepClone));
 
  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
    return value.map(deepClone);
  }
 
  const result = {};
  for (const [key, val] of Object.entries(value)) {
    result[key] = deepClone(val);
  }
  return result;
}

This handles common types but does not handle circular references. For production code, prefer structuredClone().

Immutable Update Patterns

In state management, you often need to update one nested property without mutating the original. Spread-based immutable updates are the standard:

javascript

// State shape
const state = {
  todos: [
    { id: 1, text: "Buy milk", done: false },
    { id: 2, text: "Walk dog", done: true },
  ],
  filter: "all",
};
 
// Toggle todo with id=1 — immutably
const newState = {
  ...state,
  todos: state.todos.map(todo =>
    todo.id === 1 ? { ...todo, done: !todo.done } : todo
  ),
};

Each level that changes gets a new spread copy. Levels that do not change keep their references, which is efficient for equality checks.

When to Use Each Approach

Scenario	Best Approach
One-level flat object	`{ ...obj }`
Known shallow nesting (2-3 levels)	Manual nested spread
Arbitrary or unknown depth	`structuredClone()`
Serializable data only	`JSON.parse(JSON.stringify())`
State management updates	Spread + map (or Immer)
Legacy environments (no structuredClone)	Recursive function or lodash `cloneDeep`

Rune AI

Key Insights

Spread creates shallow copies only: Nested objects and arrays are shared by reference between original and copy
Manual nested spread works for known shapes: Spread at each level that contains objects, but it becomes verbose past 2-3 levels
structuredClone is the modern deep copy: Handles Date, Map, Set, circular references, and arbitrary depth without gotchas
JSON round-trip loses type information: Dates become strings, functions are dropped, undefined is stripped, and special numbers become null
Immutable updates use spread plus map: Each changed level gets a new spread copy while unchanged references are preserved for efficient equality checks

Frequently Asked Questions

Does spread copy Symbol-keyed properties?

Yes. Object spread copies own enumerable properties, including those keyed by Symbols. `Object.assign()` does the same.

Is structuredClone slower than spread?

For shallow objects, yes. `structuredClone` does full traversal regardless of depth. For simple flat objects, spread is faster. Use `structuredClone` only when you need true deep copies.

Can I deep-copy an object with circular references?

`structuredClone()` handles circular references correctly. JSON round-trip throws a TypeError. Manual recursive cloning requires a `seen` WeakSet to track visited objects.

Does spread preserve getters and setters?

No. Spread invokes getters and copies the returned value. The getter/setter descriptors themselves are not transferred. Use `Object.defineProperties()` with `Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors()` to copy accessors.

What about frozen or sealed objects?

Spread does not preserve `Object.freeze()` or `Object.seal()` status. The copy is a plain, mutable object. Reapply `Object.freeze()` after copying if needed.

Conclusion

The spread operator creates shallow copies only. Nested objects and arrays remain shared between original and copy. For most modern code, use structuredClone() for true deep copies. For immutable state updates in frameworks, manual nested spread is the standard convention. For more on the spread vs rest distinction, see JS spread vs rest operator complete tutorial. For related variable extraction techniques, see advanced array and object destructuring guide.

Copying Nested Objects With the JS Spread Operator

The Shallow Copy Problem

Visualizing Shallow vs Deep Copy

Manual Nested Spread

Deeper Nesting Requires More Spreading

structuredClone (Modern Deep Copy)

What structuredClone Handles

JSON Round-Trip

JSON Round-Trip Pitfalls

Recursive Deep Clone Function

Immutable Update Patterns

When to Use Each Approach

Rune AI

Frequently Asked Questions

Does spread copy Symbol-keyed properties?

Is structuredClone slower than spread?

Can I deep-copy an object with circular references?

Does spread preserve getters and setters?

What about frozen or sealed objects?

Conclusion

Tags

More in this topic

OffscreenCanvas API in JS for UI Performance

Advanced Web Workers for High Performance JS

JavaScript Macros and Abstract Code Generation

Copying Nested Objects With the JS Spread Operator

The Shallow Copy Problem

Visualizing Shallow vs Deep Copy

Manual Nested Spread

Deeper Nesting Requires More Spreading

structuredClone (Modern Deep Copy)

What structuredClone Handles

JSON Round-Trip

JSON Round-Trip Pitfalls

Recursive Deep Clone Function

Immutable Update Patterns

When to Use Each Approach

Rune AI

Frequently Asked Questions

Does spread copy Symbol-keyed properties?

Is structuredClone slower than spread?

Can I deep-copy an object with circular references?

Does spread preserve getters and setters?

What about frozen or sealed objects?

Conclusion

Tags

More in this topic

OffscreenCanvas API in JS for UI Performance

Advanced Web Workers for High Performance JS

JavaScript Macros and Abstract Code Generation