Python Iterator Protocol Explained
Learn how Python's iterator protocol works with the __iter__() and __next__() methods, and understand the contract every iterator must follow.
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Learn how Python's iterator protocol works with the __iter__() and __next__() methods, and understand the contract every iterator must follow.
Learn how to build your own iterators in Python by implementing the __iter__() and __next__() methods, with practical examples and reusable patterns.
Learn how Python's built-in iter() function works, its single-argument and two-argument sentinel forms, and how to use it with custom objects and external data sources.
Learn how Python's built-in next() function retrieves items from iterators, how to handle exhaustion with default values, and how manual iteration works under the hood.
Learn how to write generator functions in Python using the yield keyword, with practical examples ranging from simple counters to data transformation pipelines.
Learn how to use Python's random module to generate random numbers, pick random items, shuffle sequences, and control randomness with seeds.
Learn how to use Python's collections module for specialized container types like Counter, defaultdict, OrderedDict, deque, and namedtuple.
Learn how to use Python's dataclasses module to reduce boilerplate when creating classes for storing data.
Learn how to use Python's typing module to add type hints for lists, dictionaries, unions, optionals, and generics.
Learn how to use Python's functools module for higher-order functions, caching, partial application, and function composition.
Learn how to use Python's functools.cache and lru_cache decorators to speed up repeated function calls through memoization.
Learn how to use Python's urllib module to make HTTP GET and POST requests, handle responses, and manage errors.