Python Decorators Explained
Learn what Python decorators are, how the @ syntax works, and why decorators are a fundamental tool for writing reusable, composable behaviour in Python.
Learn Python programming from scratch
Learn what Python decorators are, how the @ syntax works, and why decorators are a fundamental tool for writing reusable, composable behaviour in Python.
Learn how to preserve, inspect, and transform return values in Python decorators, and why the wrapper must always return the result of calling the original function.
Learn how to build Python decorators that accept their own arguments by adding a factory function layer, enabling configurable behaviour like custom log levels and retry counts.
Learn how to use Python classes as decorators, why the __call__ method makes it possible, and when class-based decorators are cleaner than nested functions.
Explore practical real-world applications of Python decorators including authentication, caching, rate limiting, input validation, and observability patterns.
Learn what Python context managers are, how the with statement uses enter and exit methods, and why context managers guarantee cleanup regardless of exceptions.
Learn how to use the with statement in Python for file handling, lock management, and multiple context managers. Master the as clause and nested contexts.
Learn how to create custom context managers in Python by implementing the enter and exit methods, turning any setup-and-teardown pattern into a reusable with statement.
Learn how the contextlib module simplifies working with context managers in Python, including the contextmanager decorator, suppress, redirect_stdout, and ExitStack.
Learn how to nest context managers in Python using commas, parenthesized multi-line syntax, ExitStack, and how nested contexts compose for complex resource management.
Learn the most common mistakes with Python decorators and context managers, including missing functools.wraps, mutable defaults, exception suppression, and resource leaks.
Build a complete resource management utility in Python that combines decorators and context managers to handle file operations, temporary resources, timers, and retries.